Montagu - Sachs-Hornobstel musical instruments classification, Artykuły, Muzyka
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Jeremy Montagu ed.
Ho rnbo stel-Sachs Systematik
Page 1 of 14
Erich M von Hornbostel & Curt Sachs
‘Systematik der Musikinstrumente’
Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
Jhrg 1914
Translated Anthony Baines & Klaus Wachsmann
Galpin Society Journal
XIV, 1961
Additions and Emendations [marked by * in the margin or text]
Jeremy Montagu 2008 and before
Classification
1 IDIOPHONES
The substance of the instrument itself, owing to its solidity and elasticit y,
yields the sounds, without requiring stretched membranes or strings
11
Struck idiophones
The instrument is made to vibrate by being struck upon
111
Idiophones struck directly
The player himself executes the movement of striking;
whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling
ropes, etc., is immaterial; it is definitive that the player can apply clearly defined
individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of
percussion
111.1
Concussion idiophones or clappers
Two or more complementary sonorous parts
are struck against each other
111.11
Concussion sticks or stick clappers
Annam, India, Marshall Is.
111.12
Concussion plaques or plaque clappers
China, India
111.13
Concussion troughs or trough clappers
Burma
111.14
Concussion vessels or vessel clappers
Even a slight hollow in the surface of a
board counts as a vessel
111.141
Castanets
Vessel clappers, either natural, or artificially hollowed out
111.142
Cymbals
Vessel clappers with everted rim
*
111.143
Concussion bells
Nigeria
111.2
Percussion idiophones
The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object
(hand, st ick, st riker) or against a non-so norous object (human body, the ground)
111.21
Percussion sticks
11I.211
(Individual) percussion sticks
Japan, Annam, Balkans; also the triangle
111.212
Sets of percussion sticks
Several percussion sticks of different pitch are combined
to form a single instrument
All xylophones, as long as their sounding
components are not in two different planes
111.22
Percussion plaques
111.221
(Individual) percussion plaques
In the oriental Christian Church
111.222
Sets of percussion plaques
Lithophone (China), and most metallophones
111.23
Percussion tubes
111.231
(Individual) percussion tubes
Slit drum, tubular bell
*
*
NB
Not slit drums, which are a sub-group of bells, 111.243
111.232
Sets of percussion tubes
Tubaphon, tubular xylophone
111.24
Percussion vessels
111.241
Gongs
The vibration is strongest near the vertex
Jeremy Montagu ed.
Ho rnbo stel-Sachs Systematik
Page 2 of 14
111.241.1 (Individual) gongs
S. and E. Asia; including the so-called metal drums, or
rather kettle-gongs
*
* NB
The tops of Dongson, Karen etc metal drums are diaphragms, thus a form of
membranophone, 211.27
*
111.241.12 Gongs with divided surface
Steel drums, Caribbean
111.241.2 Sets of gongs
[gong chimes]
S.E.Asia
111.242 Bells
The vibration is weakest near the vertex
111.242.1 (Individual) Bells
111.242.11 Resting bells
The cup is placed o n the palm of the hand or on a cushion; its mouth
faces upwards
China, Indo-China,Japan
111.242.12 Suspended bells
The bell is suspended from the apex
111.242.121 Suspended bells struck from the outside
No striker is attached inside the bell,
there being a separate beater
111.242.122
Clapper bells
A st riker (clapper) is attached inside t he bell
*
111.242.123 Bells with attached external clapper/s
111.242.2 Sets of bells
[chimes]
(subdivided as 111.242.1)
*
111.243
Slit Drums
*
111.244
Percussion troughs
e.g. some forms of ‘slit drum’ such as Fijian
lali
where the
whole ‘mouth’ is open
*
111.25
Percussion boulders
Rock gongs
112
Indirectly struck idiophones
The player himself does not go through the
movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other
movement by the player. The intention of the inst rument is to yield clusters of
sounds or noises, and not to let individual strokes be perceived
112.1
Shaken idiophones or rattles
The player executes a shaking motion
*
* NB
GSJ
has a misprint of 112.2 here instead of 112.1
112.11
Suspension rattles
Perforated idiophones are mounted together, and shaken to
strike against each other
112.111
Strung rattles
Rattling objects are strung in rows on a cord
Necklaces with rows of shells
112.112
Stick rattles
Rattling objects are strung on a bar (or ring)
Sistrum with rings
112.12
Frame rattles
Rattling objects are attached to a carrier against which they strike
112.121
Pendant rattles
Rattling objects are hung from a frame
Dancing shield with rattling rings
112.122
Sliding rattles
Non-sonorous objects slide to and fro in the slots of the sonorous
object so that the latter is made to vibrate; or sonorous objects slide to and fro
in the slots of a non-sonorous object, to be set in vibration by the impacts
Anklung, sistrum with rods
112.13
Vessel rattles
Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or
against the walls of the vessel, or usually against both. NB The Benue gourd
rattles with handle, in which the rattling objects, instead of being enclosed, are
knotted into a net slipped over the outer surface, count as a variety of vessel
rat tle
Fruit shells with seeds, ‘pellet bells’ enclosing loose percussion pellets
*
112.14
Sheet rattle
Theatrical thunder-sheet
112.2
Scraped idiophones
The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly:
a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object,
Jeremy Montagu ed.
Ho rnbo stel-Sachs Systematik
Page 3 of 14
to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic
sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non-sonorous object to
cause a series of impacts. This group must not be confused with that of friction
idiophones
112.21
Scraped sticks
A notched stick is scraped with a little stick
112.211
Scraped sticks without resonator
S. America, India (notched musical bow), Congo
112.212
Scraped sticks with resonator
Usumbara, E. Asia (tiger)
112.22
Scraped tubes
S. India
112.23
Scraped vessels
The corrugated surface of a vessel is scraped
S. America, Congo region
112.24
Scraped wheels or cog rattles
A cog wheel, whose axle serves as the handle, and
a tongue fixed in a frame which is free to turn on the handle; when whirled, the
tongue strikes the teeth of the wheel one after another
Europe, India
*
112.25
Scraped boards
Jazz washboard
112.3
Split idiophones
Instruments in the shape of two springy arms connected at one
end and t ouching at the other: t he arms are forced apart by a little stick, to jingle
or vibrate o n recoil
China (huan t'u), Malacca, Persia (qašik), Balkans
12
Plucked idiophones
Lamellae, i.e. elastic plaques, fixed at one end, are flexed and
then released to return to their position of rest
121
In the form of a frame
The lamella vibrates within a frame or hoop
121.1
Clack idiophones
(cricri) The lamella is carved in the surface o f a fruit shell, which
serves as resonator
Melanesia
121.2
Guimbardes
(Jews harps) The lamella is mounted in a rod- or plaque-shaped frame
and depends on the player’s mouth cavity for resonance
121.21
Idioglot guimbardes
The lamella is carved in the frame itself, its base remaining
joined to the frame
India, Indonesia, Melanesia
121.22
Heteroglot guimbardes
A lamella is at tached t o a frame
121.221
(Single) heteroglot guimbardes
Europe, India, China
121.222
Sets of heteroglot guimbardes
Several heteroglot guimbardes f different pitches
are combined to form a single instrument
Aura
122
In board- or comb-form
The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board
like the teeth of a comb
122.1
With laced-on lamellae
122.11
Without resonator
All sansas on a plain board
122.12
With resonator
All sansas with a box or bowl below the board
122.2
With cut-out lamellae
(musical boxes) Pins on a cylinder pluck the lamellae
13
Friction Idiophones
The instrument is made to vibrate by friction
131
Friction sticks
131.1
(Individual) friction sticks
Unknown
*
? Sandpaper blocks
131.2
Sets of friction sticks
131.21
With direct friction
The sticks themselves are rubbed
Nail.fiddle, nail piano, Stockspiele
131.22
With indirect friction
The sticks are connected with others which are rubbed and,
by transmitting their longitudinal vibration, stimulate transverse vibration in the
former
Chladni’s euphon
Jeremy Montagu ed.
Ho rnbo stel-Sachs Systematik
Page 4 of 14
132
Friction plaques
132.1
(Individual) friction plaques
Unkn own
132.2
Sets of friction plaques
[livika]
New Ireland
133
Friction vessels
133.1
(Individual) friction vessels
Brazil (tortoise shell)
133.2
Sets of friction vessels
Verillon (glass harmonica)
*
134
Friction sheet
Theatrical wind machine
14
Blown idiophones
The instrument is made to vibrate by being blown upon
141
Blown sticks
141.1
(Individual) blown sticks
Unkn own
141.2
Sets of blown sticks
Aeolsklavier
142
Blown plaques
142.1
(Individual) blown plaques
Unkn own
142.2
Sets of blown plaques
Piano chanteur
*
15
Flexed plaques
*
151
Played by friction
Bowed musical saw
*
152
Played by striking
Hammered musical saw
*
153
Played by shaking and striking
Flexatone
Suffixes for use with any division of this class (idiophones):
-8 with keyboard
-9 mechanically driven
2 MEMBRANOPHONES
The sound is excited by tightly-stretched membranes
* or
diaphragms
21
Struck drums
The membranes are struck
211
Drums struck directly
The player himself executes the movement of striking; this
includes striking by any intermediate devices, such as beaters, keyboards, etc.;
drums that are shaken are excluded
211.1
Kettle drums
(timpani) The body is bowl- or dish-shaped
211.11
(Separate) kettle drums
European timpani
211.12
Sets of kettle drums
W. Asian permanently joined pairs of kettle drums
211.2
Tubular drums
The body is tubular
211.21
Cylindrical drums
The diameter is the same at the middle and the ends; whether
or not the ends taper or have projecting disks, is immaterial
*
211.211 Single-skin cylindrical drums
The drum has only one usable membrane. In some
African drums a second skin forms part of the lacing device and is not used for
beating, and hence does not count as a membrane in the present sense
*
This restriction is invalid; the second head will always affect the sound and
therefore any cylindrical drum with two skins should come under 211.212
211.211.1 Open cylindrical drums
The end opposite from the membrane is open
Malacca
211.211.2 Closed cylindrical drums
The end opposite from the membrane is closed
West Indies
Jeremy Montagu ed.
Ho rnbo stel-Sachs Systematik
Page 5 of 14
*
*
It is arguable t hat all drums with a closed shell are kettledrums irrespective of
whether the shell is cauldron or saucepan shape
*
211.212 Double-skin cylindrical drums
The drum has two usable membranes
211.212.1 (Individual) cylindrical drums
Europe (side drum)
211.212.2 Sets of cylindrical drums
211.22
Barrel-shaped drums
The diameter is larger at the middle than at the ends; the
body is curvilinear
Asia, Africa, Ancient Mexico
211.23
Double-conical drums
The diameter is larger at the middle than at the ends; the
body is rectilinear wit h angular profile
India (mrdanga, banya, pakhavaja)
211.24
Hourglass-shaped drum
The diameter is smaller at the middle than at the ends
Asia, Melanesia, E. Africa
211.25
Conical drums
The diameters at the ends differ considerably; minor departures
from conicity, inevitably met, are disregarded here
India
211.26
Goblet-shaped drums
The body consists of a main section which is either cup-
shaped or cylindrical, and a slender stem; borderline cases of this basic design
like those occurring notably in Indonesia, do not affect the identification, so long
as a cylindrical form is not in fact reached
Darabuka
[Each of these numbers is to be divided as 211.21]
*
211.27
Bronze drums
Burma, S.E.Asia, Dongsong
211.3
Frame drums
The depth of the body does not exceed the radius of the membrane.
NB The European side-drum, even in its most shallow form, is a development
from the long cylindrical drum and hence is not included among frame drums
211.31
Frame drums (without handle)
211.311
Single-skin frame drums
Tambourine
211.312
Double-skin frame drums
N. Africa, Portugal
211.32
Frame drum with handle
A stick is attached to the frame in line with its diameter
211.321
Single-skin frame drums with handle
Eskimo
211.322
Double-skin frame drums with handle
Tibet
212
Rattle drums
(sub-divisions as for drums struck direct ly, 211) The drum is shaken;
percussion is by impact of pendant or enclosed pellets, or similar objects
India, Tibet
*
22
Plucked drums
A string is knotted below the centre of the membrane; when the
string is plucked, its vibrations are transmitted to the membrane
India (gopi yantra, anandalahari)
* NB These are string instruments – their pitch is determined by the tension of the
string, not of the drumhead, so they move to Chordophones and become 33
23
Friction drums
The membrane is made to vibrate by friction
231
Friction drums with stick
A stick in contact with the membrane is either itself
rubbed, or is employed to rub the membrane
231.1
With inserted stick
The stick passes through a hole in the membrane
231.11
Friction drums with fixed stick
The stick cannot be moved; the stick alone is
subjected to friction by rubbing
Africa
231.12
Friction drums with semi-fixed stick
The stick is movable to a sufficient extent
to rub the membrane when it is itself rubbed by the hand
Africa
231.13
Friction drums with free stick
The stick can be moved freely; it is not itself
rubbed, but is employed to rub the membrane
Venezuela
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